Either Poverty in Africa or Corruption in Africa Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Moreover, citizen participation and accountability have to increase significantly (The World Bank). Moreover, citizen participation and accountability have to increase significantly. In addition, according to a 2004 report, more than 20% of the teachers in rural areas of Kenya were found to be absent during school hours. In Uganda, the rate of absenteeism was more than 27% in the year 2002. Studies have revealed that in West Africa, the governments failed to implement effective controls over businesses. In the 1990s, it was found that more than 43% of the fertilizers sold in the market lacked nutrition value (The World Bank). Thus, laws and controls were found to be ineffective in many states of the West African region. Furthermore, other studies disclosed that counterfeit drugs were sold openly in Nigeria. This problem was endemic and more than 50% of the drugs sold on the market were not genuine. Surveys carried out in Uganda suggest that the absenteeism rate is increasing among h ealth care providers. In 2002, the absenteeism rate among this group was 33 % (The World Bank). Moreover, Quiet corruption has long term consequences, and this is its most dangerous feature. We will write a custom essay sample on Either Poverty in Africa or Corruption in Africa or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This approach promotes the power and wealth of bureaucrats and politicians in the African nations. As a consequence these governments have become investors, exporters, importers, and bankers. In Africa, the state is the principal employer and the primary redistributors of income (Mbaku). Accordingly, the state enacts and implements a number of regulations and statutes. In addition, the government collects vast amounts as taxes from the farm sector, which is largely unorganized. At the same time it provides substantial subsidies to the urban sector, which boasts of considerable organization (Mbaku). It has been generally observed that in many African nations, the state’s intervention is excessive.

In Her Short Story, Revelation, The Late Flannery O’Connor

In her short story, Revelation, the late Flannery O’Connor utilized the story’s characters to illustrate the express her disapproval of the hypocritical beliefs of many southerners during her time. One could also argue that the short story is historical because it focuses on a specific social issue at a specific point in time. However, O’Connor is accomplishing much more than just discussing the issues that were taking place during that time. She is utilizing her characters to express her views on the people of that time specifically people like the main character, Mrs. Turpin. Mary Flannery O’Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1925. She dropped her first name once she began writing, and she became known as Flannery. When O’Connor†¦show more content†¦Revelation reveals O’Connor’s disapproval of the beliefs and behaviors of the white people she may have interacted with on a regular basis as a southerner. As soon as the story begins, O’Connor introduces readers to the main character, Mrs. Ruby Turpin. She presents Mrs. Turpin’s racist and classist beliefs with no censor. Mrs. Turpin visiting the doctor with her husband because he has an ulcer on his leg. She entered the doctor’s office and immediately began mentally separating the patients in a classist manner. There was one lady at the doctor who Mrs. Turpin described as pleasant because she was well-dressed. The pleasant lady had a college-aged daughter with her who readers later discover is named Mary Grace. Mrs. Turpin described Mary Grace as fat and ugly. There was also a family that consisted of a mother, a grandmother, and a little boy. Mrs. Turpin described the family as white-trash. Mrs. Turpin was so fixated on classism that she sometimes ranked people when she could not go to sleep. On the bottom of the list, she placed white-trash and most colored people. Above them were homeowners. Above homeowners were those who owned land and homes which is the class to which she and her husband belonged. Above them were people with lots of money, a big home, and plenty of land. It was difficult forShow MoreRelatedFlannery OConnor: A Brief Biography842 Words   |  3 Pagesis to take over Gods business.† (O’Connor). This statement is encouraging to all believers in God, knowing that it is coming from a fellow Catholic like Flannery O’Connor. O’Connor is associated with the Christian Realism movement, which is a logical view developed by a theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr, who argued that the Kingdom of God cannot be realized on earth because of the naturally corrupt trends of society (â€Å"Flannery O’Connor†). This movement began in the late 1940’s and along with it came aRead More Comparing Pride in A Good Man is Hard to Find, Good Country People and Revelation989 Words   |  4 PagesFind, Good Country People and Revelation    Pride is a very relevant issue in almost everyones lives. Only when a person is forced to face his pride can he begin to overcome it. Through the similar themes of her short stories, Flannery OConnor attempts to make her characters realize their pride and overcome it. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, the grandmother is a typical Southern lady. This constant effort to present herself a Southern lady is where her pride is grounded. She criticizesRead MoreA Late Encounter With the Enemy by Flannery O’Connor911 Words   |  4 PagesSothern gothic literature that include Works like Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Late encounter with the enemy† incorporates the idea of â€Å"investigating madness, decay and despair, and the continuing pressures of the past upon the present, particularly with respect to the lost ideals of a dispossessed Southern aristocracy and to the continuance of racial hostilities.†(Marshall 3). These ideas all share a common theme that O’Connor brings to the table in â€Å"A Late Encounter with the enemy, along with â€Å"The AmericanRead MoreFlannery O’connor’s Use of Symbolism, Theme, and Religion1057 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor’s Use of Symbolism, Them e, and Religion In this essay I will be covering the similarities, differences, and uniqueness of theme in three of Flannery O’Connor’s short stories. The stories I will be discussing are A Good Man is Hard to Find, Revelation, and Good Country People. O’Connor was considered to be a type of religious propaganda. At least one character in her stories had a name or behavior that reflected religion. Her stories most often had an aggressive twist to them.Read MoreAn Analysis Of Flannery O Connor1212 Words   |  5 Pagesunbelief is even fashionable. Religious conviction is perceived as burdensome or an outdated attitude - easily discarded. This is the backdrop upon which 20th century American, Southern Gothic writer, Flannery O’Connor, wrote her books and short stories in the 1950s and 1960s. She, in her short stories and books of fiction, did not describe beautiful rooms or people living happily ever after; she wrote about the human condition in the American South and th e state of religious conviction. She wroteRead MoreThe Spiritual Awakening1265 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent for every individual. Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Good Country People† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† demonstrates how a person can be brought to their redemption by unlikely characters. Hulga, from â€Å"Good Country People,† goes from being a woman who states to believe in nothing, to a woman who loses everything and is left at a place of confusion. The grandmother from â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is similar to Hulga in that she also loses everything in order to find her faith. Although both HulgaRead MoreComparative Analysis Of O Connor s Stories Essay1923 Words   |  8 PagesComparative Analysis of Irony in O’Connor’s Stories Flannery O Connor wrote as a Catholic and a Southerner, commonly writes about epiphanies and redemption. Flannery O’Connor writes about characters that aren’t quite following the right path, but continue their life believing they are. Her background as a catholic can be seen in her writing, she believes in epiphany, â€Å"epiphany that results in resurrection and rebirth† (Keil par. 4). She is a talented writer, who wrote about many different literaryRead MoreCosmology and Southern Gothic2051 Words   |  9 Pagesone knows for sure how the universe works or how we got here, but many Southern Gothic authors, such as Flannery O’Connor and Edgar Allan Poe, use their literature as a way of expressing their beliefs about the clockwork of the universe. These authors use their dark and grotesque fictional stories to make sense of where we, as humans, stand in the universe. In The Violent Bear it Away, O’Connor uses Francis Tarwater, a miracle who was saved by God, to answer the question, â€Å"How did we get here?†Read More A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay examples2604 Words   |  11 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Flannery OConnors short story collection A Good Man is Hard to Find has many elements of a southern gothic work. Images of ancient castles with sliding panels create suspicious themes and settings that lead the readers into the dark and gloomy world of the southern United States. With all of the violence, horror, and dismal surroundings presented in OConnors stories there is too a moral message given. Later gothic work did not always explain horror like this, holdingRead MoreA Good Man By Flannery O Connor1795 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 261 Final exam A Good Man is Hard to find in this Story Considered as one of the best short story authors in her era, Flannery O Connor wrote many short stories before her death in 1964. A faithful Catholic, religion was a primary theme in her works; she wrote mostly about southern life with religious themes recurring in her work. One of her most famous stories was the 1955 short story A Good Man Is Hard to Find. The story depicts the heartless execution of a family by a group of escaped

Data Analysis and Decision Making-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making Process and Factors Influencing it. Answer: Introduction In this assignment, the learner has critically identified the relevant process that is related to decision making. For making a best fitted decision for an organization, a manager has to understand the concept of decision making and its effect on organization culture. Defining the problem and accumulating relevant data is required for making an effective decision. Deciding the best solution which will be benefitted for both the company as well as its employees is the only way to achieve success. The decision that will be taken must be implemented in the organization with the acceptance of each member of the organization. However, decision making process is influenced significantly by various factors. The factors are feelings, structural factor, the locus of control, the inclination to innovate, managers moral approach, authority to decide and organizational structure. These factors significantly influence the decision making process and its effect reflects on the working culture of t he organization. If the decision is taken with the consent of each stakeholder in the organization then it will be considerably easier to implement Steps to define decision making process Decision making is typically a mental process which results in the selection of an appropriate choice among several alternatives. Each and every process of decision making procures an exact final choice. The result can be critically an opinion of choice as well as can be an action. Decision making process is an everyday movement for any individual. There is no special case about that. As stated by (Albright, Winston and Zappe, 2010), with regards to business associations, basic leadership is a propensity and a procedure also. Powerful and fruitful choices make benefit to the organization and unsuccessful ones make misfortunes. Consequently, corporate basic leadership process is the most basic process in any association. In the basic decision making process, manager needs to pick one strategy from a couple of conceivable choices. During the time spent basic decision making, may utilize many instruments, procedures, and recognitions. What's more, there can be a time when managers may s ettle on their own private choices or may favor an aggregate choice. In terms of analysing a perfect choice, a manager needs to analyse both the negative and positive results of business and later must opt for the positive results. This in turn helps the organization to maintain its standards and also avoids any misfortunes or lower profitable margin. As put forwarded by (De Bruijn and Ten Heuvelhof, 2010), once in a while, it is important to maintain a relevant distance towards basic decision making process seems very much less demanding; particularly, when managers involves in a great deal of encounter in the wake of settling on the extreme choice. Yet, settling on the choices and bearing its results is significantly the appropriate process for remaining responsible towards professional life as well as time. As a rule, decision making process is hard. The Greater part of corporate choices includes some level of disappointment or struggle with another gathering. The steps that init iate the decision making process are as follows- Defining the problem The first step towards making an accurate decision is defining the problem. Decisions that will be made must not depend on self-depending factors as well as must address the problem critically for the betterment of the company. The first step is to differentiate the problem significantly by the manager. The problem has to be characterized critically to understand the depth of the issue for better outcomes else it can mislead which can affect the standard of the organization significantly. The progression that has been made must be well recorded by the manager. As opined by (De Wit and Meyer, 2010), one significant process that a manager can help decides the genuine issue in a circumstance is by recognizing the issue independently from its side effects. The problem is critically defined as the discrepancy between the desired and existing state of affair. A manager must be assured that it is a problem and not a symptom of that particular problem for making perfect decisions (Xu et al. 2011, p.50). The identification of a problem is generally subjective and not objective. The discrepancies observed can be significantly found by comparing the current result with the relevant standard. Gathering and analyzing the relevant data Managers search out a scope of data to elucidate their decisions once they have distinguished an issue that requires a decision. A problem will have various factors which are related to it. Even there are various factors that influence a problem critically which can have an adverse effect critically. As suggested by (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011), while spending the time for analysing the problem, the manager must accumulate all data relevant to the problem and also the reasons associated with it. 'Check Sheets' can be adequately utilized by managers for identifying the problem critically. Managers may look to decide potential reasons for an issue, the people related to the issue and procedures engaged with the issue and any imperatives put on the basic decision-making process. Considering alternative solutions Managers measure the advantages and disadvantages of every potential issue. They even look for extra information if necessary and select the alternative they feel has the most obvious opportunity with regards to progress in any event cost. As put forwarded by (Jones and Jones, 2010), the main characteristics of the problem has to be framed significantly. In terms of symbolizing the criteria, hierarchical purposes and additionally the business culture have to be contemplated. Managers can also seek external assistance for solving the problem critically as in the first steps the manager made each decision by its own and can look forward for potential arrangements for further learning the problem. Deciding the best solution Having an entire understanding of the problem the managers can proceed forwards towards making potential arrangements towards the issue. The progression made can be based on each experience had by the managers or can also be based on formal arrangements with other employees. Later a strategy can be developed with ideas which can assist to solve the problem. Conceptualizing to list down every one of the thoughts is the best choice. Prior to the thought era step, it is imperative to comprehend the reasons for the issue and prioritization of causes. For this, the manager can make utilization of Pareto Chart apparatus and Cause-and-Effect graphs. As opined by (Amason and Schweiger, 1994, p.241), circumstances and end results graph encourages distinguishing every single conceivable reason for the issue and Pareto diagram encourages organizing and recognizing the grounds with most astounding influence. Critically at that point, the manager must move forward towards every possible arrangeme nt that can be made to solve the problem critically (Zhang and Bartol, 2010, p.111). Utilization of each strategy towards accurate decision making and maintain the standard of the organization has to be done effectively by the manager. Adequacy and experience of the arrangement that has been made by the manager is an integral part towards the success of the organization. The managers has to be efficient towards their work for the decisions they are making towards its positive as well as negative outcomes. Implementing the decision There is no opportunity to second figure once the decision has been made earlier without any hesitation regarding the second choice. When the manager has focused on setting up a particular arrangement, it is required to get the majority of the representatives on board and put the choice vigorously with conviction. This shouldn't imply that an administrative choice can't change after it has been instituted; canny administrators set up observing frameworks to assess the results of their choices. As stated by (Blanchette and Richards, 2010, p.562), legitimate and compelling correspondence of decisions has to be passed down to the juniors. Choices have to be carried in clear and reasonable way. Acceptance of each decisions made by the manager is important in terms of the organization. Gathering cooperation and the inclusion of the representatives will assist towards smooth adoption of the decisions made by the managers. Correct planning in the arrangement will help towards eliminating th e risk for changes. Practically, every decisins leads to changes and employees are not much comfortable with the chnages (Popovi? et al. 2010, p.730). However, implementing the best possible decisions which is well accepted by each members can lead to successful integration of the decision. Factors affecting the decision making process Cultural factors critically affect the decision making process. The basic process of ddecision makig in an organization is profoundly perplexing. Any choice may influence the association overall, investors or the number of employees. This kind of factors critically affects the employees in terms of increments or raised wages. Subsequently, there lies several factors that critically influences the process of decision making. As opined by (Bottrill et al. 2008, p.650), nonetheless, an essential factor impacting basic decision making is the procedure or efficient process behind basic leadership. Factors that affect decision making process are given below- Feelings Feelings are the major culture variable than facts. It assesses that whether the deciders opt for a subjective or objective view of the issue or problem that has been generated in the organization. Feelings can get in the method for sane the process of decision making. Outrage, specifically, can influence workforce to build their sense of duty regarding a falling flat plan. Managers who comprehend these inclinations can help reduce their impacts on the association. As put forwarded by (Brinckmann, Grichnik and Kapsa, 2010, p.38), feelings constitute effective and unsurprising drivers of basic leadership. Over distinctive sorts of choices and essential regularities show up in the fundamental components will critically impact judgment and decision. In this manner, the impacts feeling are not irregular. Preference and predisposition are presented in managers choices by their perceptual procedures and may make them settle on ineffectual choices. In the first place, recognition is profoun dly specific, which implies that managers just acknowledge what they need to acknowledge and henceforth just such sort of data channels down to their faculties (Salas, Rosen and DiazGranados, 2010, p.971). Second, observation is exceptionally subjective, implying that data gets misshaped keeping in mind the end goal to be predictable with their pre-built up convictions, states of mind and qualities. Structural factors Supportive cultures are less critical in terms of risk taking behavior as well as are more allowing. This factor is at a higher proportion in terms of potential entrepreneurs (O'Faircheallaigh, 2010, p.22). It also influences the psychological features of each individual in a particular population. Psychologically, they are constantly awkward with deciding. As stated by (Darley, Blankson and Luethge, 2010, p.101), managers are never truly beyond any doubt if their decision of the option was right and ideal until the point that the effect of the ramifications of the choice has been felt. This influences manager to feel unreliable. Supportive culture can diminish the stress of taking a particular risk while making an appropriate decision. If the coordination among the members is well established then structural factors might not affect decision-making process hugely (Sanayei, Mousavi and Yazdankhah, 2010, p.29). However, while taking certain risks for making a decision supportive cultu re is needed by the decider to formulate the plan or solution effectively and will significantly benefit the company in every possible way. Locus of Control It is an evident fact that managers tend to believe in prior planning for future events. The reason behind such fact is their confidence level towards control of certain events. It is true that managers must be aware of the future problems or should make proper planning for taking the actions at a faster rate during the time of need. This, in turn, influences the decision-making process hugely as it is more uncertain to learn about future problems and also can differ. As opined by (DeTienne, 2010, p.210), there also exist few deciders that consider the future decisions are kind of futile planning. They believe that future lies in the external forces that hugely impacts such as technology, fate, science, god, and nature. This kind of deciders in a company is also useful as they do not waste much time thinking about future problems rather focus on present ones (Yeoh and Koronios, 2010, p.29). This kind of influence to the managers decision making process can lead to profitability as we ll as potential risks towards the company. Inclination to innovate There comes a time when managers have to decide whether they want to stick to the similar plan that has been already implemented or they want to implement a new solution which contains risks. This hugely influences the decision making process. As put forwarded by (Garrison et al. 2010, p.791), risks and uncertainty are created in managers, halfway because of certain individual attributes and somewhat because of authoritative qualities. On the off chance that the authoritative strategy is the end goal that it punishes misfortunes more than it rewards increases, at that point the manager would have a tendency to maintain a strategic distance from the choices that have a few odds of disappointment (Darnall, Henriques and Sadorsky, 2010, p.1080). Hence, a manager may stay away from a conceivably decent open door if there is a slight possibility of a misfortune. The individual qualities of a leader with respect to his states of mind towards chance taking influence the achievement of the c hoice. Managers moral approach Managers moral approach can be categorized into two types. As stated by (Glckner and Witteman, 2010, p.22), the first is utilitarianism and the second is moral idealism. Utilitarianism is the process where the manager looks into a solution in a certain way that points out whether the solution will work perfectly or not. Moral idealism is the process where the manager makes a decision on the basis of whether the action that has been chosen is the right thing to do or not. It has been observed that in Western society utilitarianism is much more preferred than moral idealism. Authority to decide The process of decision making can be organized by the authority of an organization. Authority is divided into two categories. The first one is autocratic, where the decisions that will be made are based on the choices of a particular individual. For instance, the company Apple Inc. had an autocratic leadership by Steve Jobs. He used to make each and every decision for the company and the subordinates have to follow the instructions. The social and gathering standards apply extensive impact on the style of the leader. As opined by (Han, Hsu and Sheu, 2010, p.333), a social standard to be an assessing scale assigning on the satisfactory scope and a shocking scope for conduct movement, occasions, convictions or any protest of worry to individuals from a social unit. As such social standard is the standard and acknowledged method for making judgments. Likewise, social childhood and different social measurements profoundly affect the basic leadership style of a person. In America, despit e what might be expected, the basic decision making style is for the most part individualistic with the assistance of choice models and quantitative strategies (Kon, 2010, p.903). The second one is participative, where the decisions are taken collectively. For instance, collectivistic societies such as Japan prefer bottom-up or consensus approach towards decision making. In the Japanese hierarchical framework, a leader lands at a choice in accord with others. This style is socially arranged and settles on the usage of the choice significantly less demanding since everyone takes an interest in the basic decision making process. Organizational structure This factor critically affects the speed of decision making process. In terms of centralization structure such as Apple Inc., the decisions taken are too slow. Managers settling on choices by the autocratic organizational style are recognized by the speed; however, it might grow a danger of committing errors or of missing great options. It is essential to have satisfactory and precise data about the circumstance for decision making; generally, the nature of the choice will endure. It must be perceived, in any case, that an individual has certain mental limitations, which restrain the measure of data that he can enough deal with. As opined by (Ho, Xu and Dey, 2010, p.21), less data is as unsafe as an excessive amount of data. Some very legitimate people do settle on choices on the premise of relatively less data when contrasted with more moderate leaders. However, in terms of decentralization organizational structure such as Westerners, the decisions are made speedier and faster to im plement. An extraordinary preferred standpoint for such kind of administrators is an arrangement of engagement of representatives in a basic decision making process, which prompts have more choices and develop the probability of settling on better choices. In any case, the drawback of an informative style is that in organizations this process might be related to a great deal of time. Conclusion In this assignment, the learner has elaborately described steps that are required to make an effective decision. The steps that are required for making a decision must be followed strictly as whatever the decision will be made can have a direct impact on the organization. Each step must be followed by the manager with the consent of each member of the organization for implementing the decision smoothly. However, the factors that have been described in the assignments influences the decision making process as well. This kind of factors can divert the decisions which may also affect negatively towards the success of the organization. The process of decision making is hard as there comes several constraints as well as factors which influence them. Hence, for making an effective decision each step has to be followed and the factors that influence it must be considered as well. References Books Albright, S.C., Winston, W. and Zappe, C., 2010.Data analysis and decision making. Cengage Learning. De Bruijn, H. and Ten Heuvelhof, E., 2010.Process management: why project management fails in complex decision making processes. Springer Science Business Media. De Wit, B. and Meyer, R., 2010.Strategy: Process, content, context. Cengage Learning EMEA. Griffin, R.W. and Moorhead, G., 2011.Organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Jones, G.R. and Jones, G.R., 2010. Organizational theory, design, and change. Journals Amason, A.C. and Schweiger, D.M., 1994. Resolving the paradox of conflict, strategic decision making, and organizational performance.International Journal of Conflict Management,5(3), pp.239-253. Blanchette, I. and Richards, A., 2010. The influence of affect on higher level cognition: A review of research on interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning.Cognition Emotion,24(4), pp.561-595. Bottrill, M.C., Joseph, L.N., Carwardine, J., Bode, M., Cook, C., Game, E.T., Grantham, H., Kark, S., Linke, S., McDonald-Madden, E. and Pressey, R.L., 2008. Is conservation triage just smart decision making?.Trends in Ecology Evolution,23(12), pp.649-654. Brinckmann, J., Grichnik, D. and Kapsa, D., 2010. Should entrepreneurs plan or just storm the castle? A meta-analysis on contextual factors impacting the business planningperformance relationship in small firms.Journal of Business Venturing,25(1), pp.24-40. Darley, W.K., Blankson, C. and Luethge, D.J., 2010. Toward an integrated framework for online consumer behavior and decision making process: A review.Psychology marketing,27(2), pp.94-116. DeTienne, D.R., 2010. Entrepreneurial exit as a critical component of the entrepreneurial process: Theoretical development.Journal of Business Venturing,25(2), pp.203-215. Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2010. Managerial accounting.Issues in Accounting Education,25(4), pp.792-793. Glckner, A. and Witteman, C., 2010. Beyond dual-process models: A categorisation of processes underlying intuitive judgement and decision making.Thinking Reasoning,16(1), pp.1-25. Han, H., Hsu, L.T.J. and Sheu, C., 2010. Application of the theory of planned behavior to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities.Tourism management,31(3), pp.325-334. Ho, W., Xu, X. and Dey, P.K., 2010. Multi-criteria decision making approaches for supplier evaluation and selection: A literature review.European Journal of operational research,202(1), pp.16-24. Kon, A.A., 2010. The shared decision-making continuum.Jama,304(8), pp.903-904. O'Faircheallaigh, C., 2010. Public participation and environmental impact assessment: Purposes, implications, and lessons for public policy making.Environmental impact assessment review,30(1), pp.19-27. Salas, E., Rosen, M.A. and DiazGranados, D., 2010. Expertise-based intuition and decision making in organizations.Journal of management,36(4), pp.941-973. Sanayei, A., Mousavi, S.F. and Yazdankhah, A., 2010. Group decision making process for supplier selection with VIKOR under fuzzy environment.Expert Systems with Applications,37(1), pp.24-30. Xu, H., Luo, X.R., Carroll, J.M. and Rosson, M.B., 2011. The personalization privacy paradox: An exploratory study of decision making process for location-aware marketing.Decision support systems,51(1), pp.42-52. Yeoh, W. and Koronios, A., 2010. Critical success factors for business intelligence systems.Journal of computer information systems,50(3), pp.23-32. Zhang, X. and Bartol, K.M., 2010. Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement.Academy of management journal,53(1), pp.107-128. Popovi?, A., Hackney, R., Coelho, P.S. and Jakli?, J., 2012. Towards business intelligence systems success: Effects of maturity and culture on analytical decision making.Decision Support Systems,54(1), pp.729-739. Darnall, N., Henriques, I. and Sadorsky, P., 2010. Adopting proactive environmental strategy: The influence of stakeholders and firm size.Journal of management studies,47(6), pp.1072-1094.

Russian Revolution 1917 Essays - Nicholas II Of Russia,

Russian Revolution 1917 Depth Study B: Russia, 1905-1941 Assignment A: Objectives 1 and 2 Here are some of the causes of the Russian Revolution in March 1917: ~Failures in the War ~The mutiny in the Army ~The Tsarina and Rasputin ~Food Shortages ~Strikes PREFACE: In 1904 The Tsar of Russia (Nicholas II) embarked on a war with Japan, hoping for a quick and glorious victory that would unite the country, decrease support for the Tsars opponents and gain control over Korea and Manchuria. Unfortunately for the Tsar, the Japanese were well prepared, both industrially and military. The Japanese crushed the Russian army and destroyed most of its fleet. Damaged both militarily and industrially, Russia had to sign a peace treaty. In 1905 the Tsar crushed the attempted revolution using the army that was loyal to him. In 1914, Russia entered the WWI, unprepared in any way it suffered countless losses and therefore all the problems that existed increased and new problems occurred. 1) FOOD SHORTAGES Food shortages frustrated the people and soldiers more and more as prices were rising dramatically. Food shortages were a result of two main reasons. One was that Russias population was around 130 million (and growing) at that time there fore a lot of food was needed to support such a large population, even though Russia was large enough to easily fit that amount of population, `most of its farm land was unsuitable for farming`1, this shows that farm land often became overcrowded and farmers demanded more land. Russian farmers were `using ancient farming techniques`2 so one farmer had very little land and he used ancient farming techniques and so this dramatically minimized his productivity. `The population had increased by 50 per cent between 1860 and 1897 and was still growing fast`3 this shows how rapidly the population grew, there fore creating larger food shortages as the amount of farmland stayed the same but the amount of people it had to feed increased greatly. The other reason was transporting the crop once it was harvested. ` The USA could fit into Russia two and a half times and over and Britain nearly 100 times`4, the problem with transportation was that the railroads were very often the only way to transport large amounts of goods as Russias conditions often made roads impassable. `By 1900 Russia had only as many miles of track as Britain`5 and Britain was 100 times smaller. This meant that there were very large delays of delivering food and most of it rotted before even reaching town. The only way of transporting goods from the industrial West to the unfarmable East was the Trans Siberian Express, which took more than a week to complete its journey from Moscow to Vladivostok. During the WWI (which started in 1914), Food Shortages increased greatly because more strikes begun demanding an end to the war. Strikes of course caused food shortages as peasants began striking and not producing any food. Also more soldiers were needed to join the army and so the factory workers were taken to fight and peasants left the countryside to seek better jobs in factories so fewer farmers were left to grow food. Another very important reason that caused an increase in food shortage was that ` the Russian railway system was being used to carry supplies to the war front and so trains carrying food to the cities had been reduced`1so more delays in food delivery had been caused, so nor the people, nor the soldiers were being properly fed. Even though Russia got help from Britain and France, the goods were delivered into ports which froze in the winter and so the aid piled up at see and none of it could reach the population. Not only was there little food for the people, prices for food rose dramatically and very few could actually afford to eat what was produced. Food Shortages were a serious cause of the revolution because they could be linked to each one of the causes on the list because the reasons that they led to, led to other, serious causes. Food Shortages linked with 1) Strikes: 2) Failures in the war: 3) Tsarina and Rasputin: 4) Mutiny in the Army Food shortages led to Strikes as people were underfed, so demanded bread, more strikes were forming

African Imperialism Essays

African Imperialism Essays African Imperialism Essay African Imperialism Essay Prior to 1880, European rule in the African continent had mostly been restricted to the coast, extending a short distance inland along major rivers due to their economic interests being primarily limited to the slave trade. The start of the 1880’s saw massive increase of European nations seeking territory in Africa. Europeans seeking rights to land, resources, and trading routes in Africa had to compete with other nations, corporations, and African natives. In order to gain these rights from the native people, Europeans would make unfair treaties and contracts with African tribes that took advantage of their, land, resources, and people. The title of the source, â€Å"Controlling Africa-The Standard Treaty† implies that this contract was used as a standard operating procedure by the Royal Niger Company to control the land, resources, and people of African tribes. The language and formality of the document is very biased towards the Royal Niger Company and it mentions that the Royal Niger Company will pay native land owners for the land they require, so I would conclude that the Royal Niger Company was operated by Europeans. In return for ceding the power to mine, farm, and build on their land tribes received protection, payment to landowners, and a set payment to the Chiefs. Tribe leaders were probably not educated well enough to understand exactly what they were signing away in this contract and therefore likely did not receive any of these promises from the Royal Niger Company or were possibly lied to about the terms and conditions of the contract. European Imperialism occurred for many reasons, one being the desire for territories. The more territory you controlled the more power and prestige your country had. Exploration was another reason for European Imperialism. Wealthy sponsors who wanted details of markets, goods, and resources renewed interest in exploration by funding expeditions whose purpose was to create and report records of said details. Control of trade routes fueled the scramble for Africa and competition among European countries. Africa was a direct route to India which made the Europeans countries want African territory even more because of India’s silks and spices. The Suez Canal on the eastern coast of Egypt is the fastest route to India. The Suez Canal was very important to Britain. After capturing the Suez Canal from the French, guarding the canal became a critical part of Britain’s foreign policy. The British needed to drive out the threat of other Europeans in Africa to maintain control of India, and they did so efficiently. They quickly gained control of both the major sea routes to India and then focused on the rest of the continent. Whether the British were trying to further public support or prevent another nation from becoming a threat, all British actions in Africa were directly or indirectly linked to India. The British were motivated by their desire to become powerful, and they skillfully combined enterprise and conquest to create an empire centered on the wealth of India. The struggle of difference between the white Europeans and the native Africans was a major factor in the impact of imperialism on Africa. The European explorers â€Å"seldom had men of their own race with them, and they often found their African hosts strange and unpredictable, and feared their hostility. † 1 The Europeans felt like they had to gain control over the African people in order to maintain power. This sometimes had positive effects such as the introduction of modern transportation such as railroads. They also shared their knowledge of nutrition and medicine which increased the health and life span of the Africans. According to Chamberlain’s book, â€Å"The Scramble for Africa†, imperialism was good for Africa because it brought the African natives’ lives up to the standards of western civilization. 2 This is true in some aspects however, I believe the social relationships of the natives and their cultural traditions were negatively altered causing them to change their way of life solely because the European’s ethnocentric way of thinking. Their controlling of the indigenous people had many other negative impacts on Africa because of how the Europeans treated the Africans as inferiors and sometimes even harshly with no ethnic or cultural respect. Railroad companies and miners used local populations as a source of labor for dangerous jobs where the indigenous people worked in harsh conditions, sometimes risking their lives, for little pay. The scramble for Africa started in 1870 and by 1890 most of Africa was under European rule with only Ethiopia and Liberia remaining independent. European Imperialism most likely caused the tribal warfare that occurred later in Africa. The Standard Treaty of Controlling Africa reflects the imperialistic rush that occurred in the late 19th century. Europe wanted African land for power, wealth, and control. The Royal Niger Company was significant in that it helped Britain gain control of many African countries. The competition between European countries drove this scramble for Africa and affected the world for generations to come.

PG Scope Case Study Essay Example

PG Scope Case Study Essay Example PG Scope Case Study Paper PG Scope Case Study Paper Scribd Upload a Document Search Documents Explore Hazie Jamaluddin / 3 Download this Document for Free Procter Gamble Inc: Scope Scope was introduced in 1967 by Procter Gamble, is a green mint tasting mouthwash,and was positions as a great tasting mouth refreshing brand that provided bad breathprotection. Scope held 32% share of the Canadian market for 1990. In 1970 Scope becamethe market leader in Canada, with many competitors, such as Listerine mouthwash that waslaunched by Warner Lambert in 1977 and it was a direct competitor to Scope, it had nearlythe same characteristics as Scope with a 12% of the market share during that time. But themajor competitor for Scope was Plax, a brand by Pfizer Inc, which was launched in Canadain 1988 on a platform quite different from the traditional mouthwashes, and gained a 10%share since launched. Plax detergents were supposed to help loosen plaque to makebrushing effective. Before the entry of Plax, brands in the mouth wash market werepositioned around two major benefits that are fresh breath and killing germs, whereas Plaxwas positioned around a new benefit as a plaque fighter and claims Plax removes up tothree times more plaque than just brushing alone. In studying the current situation and preparing for a strategic plan, Gwen Hearst reviewedthe available information and surveys for the mouthwash market and Scope showed that75% of Canadian household use 1 or more mouthwash brands. The company’s marketresearch revealed that users could be segmented to â€Å"heavy† users that comprised 40% of all users and to â€Å"medium† users that comprised 45% of all users and to light users thatcomprise 15%. The company also made a research on why consumers use mouthwash,and the results were: consumer’s basic hygiene, it gets rid of bad breath, it kills germs andmany other reasons. Also surveys were conducted of mouthwash user’s image of the major brands based on several attributes such as, reducing bad breath, killing germs, removingplaque and others. Plax achieved a strong image on removing plaques and healthier teethand gums, whereas scope scored a weaker image on those attributes. In analyzing theCanadian mouthwash market share the data showed that Scope had the highest marketshare among all brands, but there was a big difference in the share held by Scope in foodstores 42%, versus drug stores 27%. Competitive data were also collected for advertisingexpenditures, and the results were that most of the advertising expenditures were of Scope,Listerine and Plax accounting for 90% of all advertising. As for the retail prices, bothListerine and Plax had the highest prices among other brands in food stores, whereasScope, Listerine and Listermint had the highest prices in drug stores. And in comparingScope market share between Canada and USA, the results showed that Scope in Canadatakes 33% of the market share, while USA Scope’s market share was 21. 6% that came after Listerine, where Listerine held 28% of the mouth wash market share in America. After the introduction of Plax by Pfizer Inc whereby PG were loosing market share, andafter studying the current situation and making several surveys and market researches,Hearst challenge was to the 1 st problem which is to develop strategy that ensures the ontinued profitability of Scope in face of competitive threats and especially by Plax thatgained 10% share of the product category. So her specific task was to prepare a marketingplan for PG mouthwash business for the next 3 years. The 2 nd problem is how will PGmaintain their profit and make sure that the Scope brand is always the first mouthwashproduct ranking among consumers? The mouthwash market is changing everyday with theemergence of new products and prod uct features. As a result, PG wants their Scopebrand to be the first choice among consumers. In the case of product development, PDD has demonstrated that Scope reduced plaquebetter than brushing alone because of the antibacterial ingredients in it. So the (ProductDevelopment) PDD has recently developed a new pre-brushing rinse product that performedas well as Plax but didn’t work any better than Plax in removing plaque. The key benefit of this recently launched product is that it tastes better than Plax. However, PDD’s preferencewas to not launch a new product, but instead to add plaque reduction claims to Scope. Since the basic argument was that it is better to protect the business that PG was alreadyin, than to launch a completely new entry. As for the case of sales, the sales people hadnoticed that Plax sales were increasing in the market place, and believed Scope shouldrespond quickly, so they suggested that a brand must be unique and different enough fromthe competitors in order to be listed in the store shelves, or otherwise the category salesvolume would spread over more units. Market researchers suggested that Hearst look at other benefits or alternatives beyond justa â€Å"plaque reassurance on scope† or a â€Å"a better tasting pre-brushing rinse† Whereas thepoint of view from finance, on one hand Plax had a high price so a new rinse might be aprofitable option, on the other hand they were concerned about the capital and marketingcosts which would increase. The purchasing manager estimated that the cost of the newingredients of a line extension would increase by $ 2. 55 and the packaging would cost$0. 30. As for the advertising agency it favoured a line extension, since adding any new claimfor scope is a huge strategic shift for the brand that would confuse the consumer anddecrease the market share, because relating 2 different ideas is very difficult (breathrefreshment good tasting) (removes plaque). Hearst and the business team have two options, on one hand a line extension or newproduct positioned against Plax could be introduced into the market and in the other handdoing nothing and just looking at claims other than â€Å"breath† instead of adding a new product. Launching a new product â€Å"new pre-brushing rinse† would cannibalize a part of Scopesales, also the delivery, marketing and capital costs of PG will increase if a new rinse waslaunched and the user of Scope would be confused since he/she saw in the old scope abreath refreshment, taking into consideration that the new rinse is not any better than Plax in reducing plaque, but at the same time it may increase the market share of PG andincrease its profit. Whereas adding a new claim for Scope ould not increase the volumeof sales, but it could prevent current users of Scope to switch and it would stabilize thebusiness, and even though the advertising agency thinks that it’s hard to relate two differentclaims, it should try to relate them in order to make an effective advertising that includesboth â€Å"breath† and â€Å"plaque† claims. Since adding plaque reduction to breathe refreshmentand good tasting is an additional benefit that the scope consumer can be nefit from and itmay attract the potential users that scope aim at. Also PG has to collect more informationto see what the consumer needs and improve it within the same product; especially that it isbased on a philosophy of satisfying the customer needs. Scope was positioned around twobenefits that are refreshing breath and good tasting, and it should stick to this position withother additional claims or benefits if it can, so it should not launch a new product thatconfuses the customers but stick to this position that it has in the market place and that isconsidered to be its competitive advantage. It’s better to protect the business that PG isalready in for many years and just add a plaque claim, than launching a completely newentry that is not secured. Questions: 1)How will PG develop a strategy that will ensure the continued profitability of Scopedespite competition? 2) Should PG take risk of introducing the completely new product for 3 years plan? Discuss the advantage and risk involved. 3)

Soc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soc - Essay Example All members of the public have to be given a chance to take part, question, introduce assertions and express their attitude on a matter that touches their lives. Since the best decision is based on a wide number of contributions, the internet would be the best choice for what can be called an ideal speech, as it can reach any people than any other known system. The modern society has brought about quiet a lot of divisions along several lines. If not racially(black/white) inclined, then it is will be gender (male/female), religion (Muslims/Christians), Ethnic, and so many others. If used in the correct context, an ideal speech offers freedom from the such mentioned categories by awakening response in every human being. An ideal speech stirs into action a man's birthright of true freedom equal rights and dignity, hence will act reconcile the above mentioned divergent groups. According to Habermas, there are four different social formalities; The Traditional, the Primitive, the Capitalist and the Post-Capitalist. Out of these classes, the Post-Capitalism is more preferable as it depicts the principles of an ideal speech more than the others. It represents the modern society which is more discursive and allows for consensus unlike the other three which are quiet stringent in characteristics. The Post-Capitalistic society gives room for a pluralistic participation when it comes to decision making.